| Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions (Class 6th to 10th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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| Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions (Class 12th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 6th Science NCERT Exemplar Solutions
1. Food: Where Does It Come From?
This chapter explores the diverse origins of the food we consume daily, classifying sources mainly as plants and animals. It details which parts of plants are edible, such as roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds. Food items derived from animals like milk, eggs, and meat are also discussed. The concept of food habits is introduced, categorising animals based on what they eat into herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, highlighting the interconnectedness of living organisms within food chains.
2. Components Of Food
Our food contains essential substances called nutrients, vital for growth, development, and maintaining health. This chapter discusses the main components: carbohydrates and fats for energy, proteins for growth and repair, and vitamins and minerals required in smaller amounts for bodily functions and preventing deficiency diseases. Roughage (dietary fibre) and water are also highlighted as crucial. Simple tests to identify carbohydrates (starch), proteins, and fats in various food items are described, underscoring the importance of a **balanced diet** for well-being.
3. Fibre To Fabric
This chapter takes you on a journey from raw **fibres** to the **fabrics** used to make clothes. It introduces different types of fibres: natural fibres obtained from plants (like cotton and jute, common in India) and animals (like wool and silk), and synthetic fibres (man-made). The processes involved in converting fibre into yarn (**spinning**) and then yarn into fabric using methods like **weaving** and knitting are explained. Understanding this process helps appreciate the effort and resources involved in making textiles.
4. Sorting Materials Into Groups
The world is full of diverse objects made from various materials. This chapter explains how to systematically group materials based on their properties. Materials can be sorted by appearance (e.g., shiny, dull), hardness (soft, hard), texture (smooth, rough), solubility in water, whether they float or sink, and transparency (transparent, translucent, opaque). Grouping materials makes it easier to study their characteristics, understand their uses, and select the appropriate material for a specific purpose, like using glass for windows due to its transparency.
5. Separation Of Substances
Often, substances are mixed together, and separating them is necessary for various applications. This chapter introduces several simple methods used in everyday life to separate components of a mixture. Techniques discussed include **handpicking** (e.g., separating pebbles from rice), **threshing**, **winnowing** (separating husk from grain), **sieving** (separating particles of different sizes), **sedimentation** (heavy particles settling), **decantation** (pouring off liquid), and **filtration** (using a filter). **Evaporation** and condensation for separating soluble solids from liquids are also covered, illustrating practical separation principles.
6. Changes Around Us
Our surroundings are constantly undergoing transformations. This chapter helps identify and understand different types of changes. It distinguishes between **reversible changes**, which can be undone (like melting of ice, folding paper), and **irreversible changes**, which result in new substances and cannot be easily reversed (like burning paper, cooking food). The chapter also explores how applying heat or cold can cause changes in materials, such as expansion, contraction, or change of state, demonstrating the dynamic nature of matter.
7. Getting To Know Plants
Plants are vital living organisms with diverse forms and structures. This chapter helps you identify and understand the basic parts of a typical plant: the root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit. It also classifies plants based on their characteristics like size, stem type, and lifespan into **herbs**, **shrubs**, and **trees**. Understanding the structure and basic functions of these parts provides foundational knowledge in botany and helps appreciate the role of plants in our ecosystem and daily life.
8. Body Movements
This chapter explores how living organisms, particularly humans and some animals, move from one place to another or move parts of their body. It explains the role of the **skeletal system** (bones and joints) and **muscles** in facilitating movement. Different types of joints in the human body (like ball and socket, hinge, pivot) and their functions are discussed. The chapter also briefly describes how other animals like earthworms, snails, birds, fish, and snakes move, showcasing the variety of locomotion strategies in the animal kingdom.
9. The Living Organisms — Characteristics And Habitats
This chapter helps define what it means to be alive by discussing the key characteristics of **living organisms**: growth, movement, respiration, response to stimuli, excretion, and reproduction. It introduces the concept of **habitat**, the specific environment where an organism lives and thrives (e.g., forest, desert, pond). The chapter also touches upon **adaptations**, the special features that help organisms survive in their particular habitat, highlighting the amazing diversity and resilience of life on Earth and how organisms are suited to their surroundings.
10. Motion And Measurement Of Distances
This chapter introduces the concept of **motion** – a change in position over time – and the necessity of accurately measuring distances. It discusses different types of motion, such as straight-line motion, circular motion, and periodic motion. The need for **standard units** of measurement is emphasized, introducing the **SI system** and the metre as the standard unit of length. Simple methods for measuring the length of both straight lines (using a ruler) and curved lines (using a thread) are explained, providing practical skills in basic physics and measurement.
11. Light, Shadows And Reflections
This chapter explores the properties of light and related phenomena. It establishes that light travels in straight lines. The formation of **shadows** when opaque objects block the path of light is explained, discussing factors influencing the size and shape of shadows. The concept of **reflection** – the bouncing back of light from a surface – is introduced, demonstrating how mirrors produce images. Simple experiments, including making a pinhole camera, illustrate the principles of light propagation and image formation.
12. Electricity And Circuits
This chapter introduces the basics of **electricity** and how it flows. It explains the concept of **electric current** as the flow of electric charge. The key components of a simple electric circuit are identified: an electric cell (source of electricity), a bulb (device that uses electricity), a switch (to control the flow), and connecting wires. The difference between **open circuits** (where current does not flow) and **closed circuits** (where current flows) is explained, illustrating the need for a complete path for electricity to operate devices.
13. Fun With Magnets
This chapter explores the fascinating properties of **magnets**. It introduces **magnetic materials** (attracted by magnets) and non-magnetic materials. The concept of **magnetic poles** (North and South) is explained, and the fundamental rule that **like poles repel, and opposite poles attract** is demonstrated. Simple experiments like finding directions using a magnet, making a temporary magnet, and observing magnetic field lines are included. The chapter highlights the playful and practical uses of magnets in toys and everyday objects.
14. Water
Water is an essential resource for all living beings and is found in three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapour). This chapter discusses the importance of water, its various sources (rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater), and the continuous movement of water through the **water cycle** (evaporation, condensation, precipitation). It also highlights the scarcity of usable water in many regions and the critical need for **water conservation** and wise management of this precious resource for present and future generations, a vital concern in India.
15. Air Around Us
Air, though invisible, is a vital mixture of gases surrounding us. This chapter explores the **composition of air**, primarily nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide and water vapour. Simple activities demonstrate that air occupies space, has weight, and is necessary for burning. The importance of air for respiration in living organisms, wind energy, and processes like pollination is discussed. The chapter also briefly touches upon the harmful effects of **air pollution** and the need to keep air clean.
16. Garbage In, Garbage Out
This chapter addresses the growing problem of **waste management**. It discusses different types of garbage (biodegradable waste that decays and non-biodegradable waste like plastics). The issues caused by improper disposal of garbage, such as pollution and health hazards, are highlighted. Effective waste management methods like **composting** (converting organic waste into manure, including vermicomposting using earthworms) and **recycling** (processing waste materials for reuse) are explained. The chapter emphasizes the importance of practicing the **3 Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)** to minimize waste and contribute to a cleaner environment.